8412 31 — Pneumatic power engines and motors, linear-acting, "cylinders"

8412 Other engines and power units: 8412 10 – reaction engines other than turbo-jets – hydraulic power units and engines: 8412 21 – – linear acting (cylinders) 8412 29 – – other – pneumatic power units and engines: 8412 31 – – linear acting (cylinders) 8412 39 – – other 8412 80 – other 8412 90 – parts

This heading covers engines and motors not falling in the preceding headings (headings 8406 to 8408, 8410 or 8411) or in heading 8501 or 8502. It therefore covers non-electric engines and motors other than steam turbines or turbines operating on vapours other than steam, spark-ignition and compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines, hydraulic turbines, water wheels, turbo-jets and turbo-propellers or other gas turbines.

This heading covers reaction engines (other than turbo-jets), pneumatic power engines and motors, wind engines (windmills), spring-operated or weight-operated motors, etc., and also certain hydraulic engines and motors and certain power units operating on steam or other vapour. (A) REACTION ENGINES OTHER THAN TURBO-JETS (1) Ram-jets. This is a mechanically simple engine which operates only on machines moving at high speed. It has no turbo-compressor, and the air intake is therefore ensured solely by the speed of movement, while compression of the air in the combustion chamber is effected by the geometry of the inlet duct. The motive power is generated by the reaction of the gases ejected through the nozzle. (2) Pulse-jets. This engine differs from the ram-jet in that, owing to an intermittent combustion process, what is ejected from its nozzle is not a continuous jet but a pulsating flow of gas. Unlike the ram-jet it can be started from rest, since the air intake is ensured by its pulsating action. Pulse-jets are used mainly on aircraft as take-off boosters. (3) Rocket engines. These are reaction engines in which the combustion of the fuel is independent of an external air supply, since the charge of such an engine contains both the fuel and the means ensuring its combustion. Two main types are distinguished: (i) Liquid-propellant rocket engines. These consist of a combustion chamber, one or more tanks for the propellant components, connected together by a system of pipes and pumps, and a nozzle. The pumps are driven by a turbine powered by a separate gas generator. An important part of this type of rocket engine is the injection system. The fuels used are ethyl alcohol, hydrazine hydrate, etc., and the oxidants are hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, liquid oxygen, nitric acid, etc.; (ii) Solid-propellant rocket engines. These consist of a cylindrical high-pressure chamber and a nozzle. The propellant reservoir serves at the same time as the combustion chamber. The propellant of this type of engine consists of an oxidant (usually ammonium perchlorate) and the fuel proper (as a rule, polyurethanes). Some types use propellants falling in Chapter 36. Rockets fall in this heading only if they constitute propulsion units proper (e.g., for auxiliary or take-off boosters of aircraft, or for equipping guided missiles or space launch vehicles). This category excludes: (a) Anti-hail rockets, signal rockets and similar pyrotechnic rockets (heading 3604). (b) Space launch vehicles (heading 8802). (c) Guided missiles with propulsion units (heading 9306).

(B) Power plants and hydraulic engines in this category of goods include: (1) Some motors, other than turbines or wheels of heading 8410, producing mechanical energy by the use of wave energy or sea swelling (a Savonius rotor with two semi-cylindrical blades), or tides. (2) Water volumetric hydraulic motors, acting by the pressure of water on the piston. The water acts on two or more moving inside the cylinder pores of the shaft, which lead to the rotation of the shaft. (3) Hydrocylinders consisting, for example, of a brass or steel cylinder and a piston driven by the pressure of an oil (or other liquid) applied on one side of the piston (one-way action) or two with torons (two-way action), which convert the pressure energy of the liquid into linear motion. These cylinders are used in machine tools, building machinery, control machinery, etc. (4) Hydraulic valve actuators, presented separately, with consisting of a metal body containing a piston, which, by means of a finger mounted perpendicular to the rod of the piston, converts the linear motion caused by the liquid pressure into rotational motion to control a conical valve or other device with a rotating mechanism. (5) Hydraulic servo motors which act as output or intermediate power actuators in feedback control systems and control systems, for example in aviation. (6) Hydraulic systems consisting of a hydraulic power unit (including essentially a hydraulic pump, electric motor, switchgear valves and oil tank), hydraulic cylinders and pipelines or hoses necessary for connecting hydraulic cylinders to the hydraulic power unit, generally forming a functional unit as defined in Note 4 to Section XVI (see general provisions to this Section). These systems are used, for example, in civil engineering structures. (7) Water-jet propelled for motor ships. They consist of powerful pumps that take sea or river water and throw it in the form of a high-speed jet through an adjustable pipe (or pipe) located under the bottom or behind the stern of the ship. (C) Pneumatic motors use an external source of compressed air (or other gases) and resemble a piston steam engine or in some cases a steam turbine. In some cases, burners or other heaters are provided to increase air pressure (and, accordingly, increase the expansion energy), as well as to prevent cylinders from freezing during a sharp drop in temperature. These engines are used mainly in mines on rolling tractors, winches due to their fire and explosion safety, in addition, they are also used in some locomotives, aircraft, submarines, etc., as starting engines for internal combustion engines, as well as as torpedo engines. This category of goods also includes: (1) Wing motors, gear motors, axial and radial piston engines for pneumatic transmission.

(2) Pneumatic cylinders, consisting, for example, of a brass or steel cylinder and a piston, which, under pressure from compressed air applied from one (one-way action) or two sides (two-way action), is driven and converts the energy of compressed air into linear motion. These cylinders are used in machine tools, building mechanisms, control mechanisms, etc. (3) Separately presented pneumatic valve actuators consisting of a metal casing and a piston, which, by means of a finger mounted perpendicular to the rod, converts the linear motion caused by the pressure of the compressed gas into a rotational motion providing the drive of a conical valve or other device with a rotating mechanism. (D) Wind engines(s) This category of goods includes all power units (wind motors, air turb in), converting the energy of the wind acting on the blades (often with variable pitch) of the propeller or rotor directly into mechanical energy. The most common design is a fairly high metal support with an air propeller or rotor mounted on it, perpendicular to the plane of which a stabilizer or similar device is attached to orient the apparatus depending on the direction of the wind. The driving force is usually transmitted through a gearbox through a vertical shaft to a power take-off shaft located at ground level. Some wind engines ("vacuum engines") are equipped with hollow blades. Rotating, they create a pressure drop, which through a sealed pipeline is transmitted to the ground to drive a small jet turbine. Wind engines tend to have little power and are used mainly in rural areas to drive irrigation and drainage pumps or small power generators. Units of electric generators consisting of wind turbines assembled with an electric generator (including generators powered by the air flow from the propeller of an aircraft) are not included in this heading (heading 8502). (e) PREVIOUS OR WHICH MOTORS, etc. This category of goods includes mechanisms which, like clockwork, are actuated by the use of energy released by the unwinding of a spring or by the use of gravity (e.g., rotivos or similar devices). This does not, however, include mechanisms in which triggers are used or intended to be used (heading 9108 or 9109). The engines of this heading, especially spring action, are used in a wide variety of devices (for example, in jukeboxes, automatic spitters, rotating showcases, recording mechanisms, engraving instruments). (e) IMPORTANT ENGINES NOT COMMUNITED WITH COLLES In engines of this type, mechanical energy is generated by the movement of the piston in the cylinder under the influence of the difference in the pressure of steam produced in the boiler and atmospheric pressure (steam machines without condensation) or the reduced pressure of the condenser (steam machines with condensation). The reciprocating or oscillating movement of the piston through the rod is converted into the rotational movement of the crankshaft or flywheel.

The simplest types include one-way engines, where the steam pressure affects only one side of the piston; in other (bilateral) types of pairs alternately affects both sides of the piston. In more powerful engines, steam is sequentially supplied to two or more cylinders with increasing diameters, and the rods corresponding to the pistons are connected to a single crankshaft (compound - machines, steam engines of double and triple expansion, etc.). The latter include, for example, locomotive and marine engines.

(G) STEAM OR OTHER VAPOUR POWER UNITS INCORPORATING BOILERS Engines of this type consist of a boiler (usually of the fire-tube type) and a single-expansion or compound reciprocating steam engine with one or two flywheels, which often serve as a power take-off. Engines of this type are mainly of low and medium power, designed for more or less stationary operation. Owing to their compact construction they can easily be dismantled and moved to a new site. PARTS Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the engines of this heading are also classified in this heading (e.g., combustion chambers and air valves for jet engines, fuel regulators, fuel injectors, wind wheels for wind engines, cylinders, pistons, slide valves, centrifugal ball governors or flywheel governors, connecting rods). Parts of steam or other vapour power units incorporating boilers are, as a rule, classified as boiler parts (heading 8402) or as parts of the steam power units of this heading. The heading does not, however, include transmission shafts and crankshafts (heading 8483).

Notes

Machine translation. The original is the Russian text of the EAEU tariff, and customs goes by it; this translation is for understanding only and has no legal force.

1. This group does not include:

(a) millstones, grinding stones or other articles of Chapter 68;

(b) equipment or devices (e.g. pumps) of ceramic materials and ceramic parts of machinery or devices of any material (Chapter 69);

(c) laboratory glassware (heading 7017); equipment, devices or other articles for technical purposes or parts thereof of glass (heading 7019 or 7020);

(d) articles of heading 7321 or 7322 or similar articles of other base metals (Chapters 74 to 76 or 78 to 81);

(e) vacuum cleaners of heading 8508;

(f) electromechanical household appliances of heading 8509; digital cameras of heading 8525;

(g) radiators for articles of Section XVII; or

(h) manual mechanical brushes for floor cleaning, without engine (heading 9603).

2. Subject to the provisions of Note 3 to Section XVI and Note 11 to this Chapter, a machine or device which meets the description in one or more of headings 8401 to 8424 or heading 8486 and at the same time the description in one or more headings 8425 to 8480 is included in the relevant heading of the first series of headings or in heading 8486 as the case may be, and not in the second series.

(A) However, heading 8419 does not cover:

(i) seed germination equipment, incubators or brooders (heading 8436);

(ii) machinery for wetting grains (heading 8437);

(iii) diffusion apparatus for the extraction of sugary juice (heading 8438);

(iv) equipment for the heat treatment of textile yarn, textile materials or finished textile articles (heading 8451); or

machining equipment, assemblies or laboratory equipment in which temperature change, even if necessary, is an auxiliary process.

(B) Heading 8422 does not cover:

(i) sewing machines for sewing bags or similar packagings (heading 8452); or

(ii) office equipment of heading 8472.

(C) Heading 8424 does not cover:

(i) paint-blasting printing presses (heading 8443); or

(ii) water jet cutting machines (heading 8456).

3. A machine for processing any material which corresponds to the description of heading 8456 and simultaneously to the description of heading 8457 to 8461, 8464 or 8465 is classified in heading 8456.

4. Heading 8457 covers only metalworking machines other than lathes (including multipurpose lathes) which may perform different types of machining operations by:

(a) the automatic replacement of tools from a tool store or similar device in accordance with the processing program(s);

(b) the automatic application simultaneously or sequentially of different processing heads operating at a fixed workpiece (assembly single-position machines); or

(c) automatic movement of the workpiece to various processing heads (multi-position machines).

5. For the purposes of heading 8462, the term “longitudinal cutting line” for flat products means a process line consisting of a winder, a correct device, a longitudinal cutting device and a winder. The term “cross-cutting line” for flat products means a process line consisting of a unwinder, a correct device and a cutting device.

6. (A) For the purposes of heading 8471, the term “computers” means machines capable of:

(i) store the processing program or programs and at least the information currently necessary to execute the program;

(ii) be freely reprogrammable according to user requirements;

(iii) perform user-defined arithmetic calculations; and

(iv) perform, without human intervention, a processing program requiring the computer to modify its actions by making logical decisions during processing.

(B) Computing machines can be made in the form of systems consisting of a different number of individual blocks.

(C) Subject to the provisions of Notes (D) and (E) below, a block shall be treated as part of a computing system if it satisfies all of the following conditions:

(i) exclusively or principally used in a computing system;

(ii) is capable of being connected to the central processing unit either directly or through one or more other units; and

(iii) is capable of receiving or presenting information in such form (codes or signals) as may be used by the system.

Separately presented computer units are classified in heading 8471.

However, keyboards, X-Y-coordinate input devices and disk storage units which satisfy the conditions laid down in Notes (B) (ii) and (B) (iii) above are in all cases to be regarded as blocks of heading 8471.

(D) Heading 8471 does not cover the following devices, presented separately, even if they meet all the conditions of Note 6(C) above:

(i) printers, copiers, facsimile machines, combined or not;

(ii) apparatus for receiving or transmitting voice, images or other data, including apparatus for providing communications over a wired or wireless communication network (for example, on a local or wide area network);

(iii) loudspeakers and microphones;

(iv) television cameras, digital cameras and video recording cameras;

(v) monitors and projectors not combined with television reception equipment.

(E) Machines containing or working in conjunction with a computer and performing specific functions other than information processing are classified in the headings according to their specific functions or, if this is not possible, in the residual headings.

7. Heading 8482, inter alia, covers polished steel balls whose maximum and minimum diameter does not differ from the nominal diameter by more than 1% or by more than 0.05 mm, whichever is smaller. Other steel balls are classified in heading 7326.

8. A machine which is used for more than one purpose shall be classified as if its primary purpose were the only one.

Subject to the provisions of Note 2 to this Chapter and Note 3 to Section XVI, a machine whose primary purpose is not described in any heading or a machine in which none of its functions is primary is classified in heading 8479, unless the context otherwise provides. Heading 8479 also includes machinery for the manufacture of ropes or ropes (e.g. knitting machines) from metal wire, textile yarn or other materials or from a combination of such materials.

9. For the purposes of heading 8470, the term “pocket” applies only to devices not exceeding 170 x 100 x 45 mm.

10. For the purposes of heading 8485, the term additive manufacturing (also referred to as 3D printing) means the formation of physical objects based on a digital model by successively adding and layering, sealing and curing a material (e.g., metal, plastics or ceramics).

Subject to the provisions of Note 1 to Section XVI and Note 1 to Chapter 84, machines as described in heading 8485 are classified in that heading and no other heading of the Nomenclature.

11. (A) Notes 12(a) and 12(b) to Chapter 85 also apply to the terms “semiconductor devices” and “electronic integrated circuits”, respectively, as used in this note and in heading 8486. However, in this note and in heading 8486, the term "semiconductor devices" also applies to photosensitive semiconductor devices and LEDs.

(B) In this note and in heading 8486, the term “plane display panel production” covers the fabrication of a flat panel of substrates. It does not cover the production of glass or the installation of printed circuit boards or other electronic components on flat panels. The term "flat display panel" does not apply to cathode ray tube technology.

(C) Heading 8486 also includes machinery and apparatus used exclusively or principally for:

(i) producing or eliminating defects in masks and patterns;

assemblies of semiconductor devices or electronic integrated circuits;

(iii) lifting, manipulating, loading or unloading boules, plates, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits and flat display panels.

(D) Subject to the provisions of Note 1 to Section XVI and Note 1 to Chapter 84, machinery meeting the description in heading 8486 is classified in this heading and in no other heading of the Nomenclature.

Subheading notes

English text as published in Annex I to Regulation (EU) 2021/1832 (Combined Nomenclature). The EAEU tariff and the EU nomenclature copy these notes from the same convention. For a Russian declaration the binding version is the Russian one: Annex to Decision No 80 of the EEC Council of 14 September 2021.

1. For the purposes of subheading 8465 20, the term ‘machining centres’ applies only to machine-tools for working wood, cork, bone, hard rubber, hard plastics or similar hard materials, which can carry out different types of machining operations by automatic tool change from a magazine or the like in conformity with a machining programme.

2. For the purposes of subheading 8471 49, the term ‘systems’ means automatic data-processing machines whose units satisfy the conditions laid down in note 6(C) to Chapter 84 and which comprise at least a central processing unit, one input unit (for example, a keyboard or a scanner), and one output unit (for example, a visual display unit or a printer).

3. For the purposes of subheading 8481 20, the expression ‘valves for oleohydraulic or pneumatic transmissions’ means valves which are used specifically in the transmission of ‘fluid power’ in a hydraulic or pneumatic system, where the energy source is supplied in the form of pressurized fluids (liquid or gas). These valves may be of any type (for example, pressure-reducing type, check type). Subheading 8481 20 takes precedence over all other subheadings of heading 8481.

4. Subheading 8482 40 applies only to bearings with cylindrical rollers of a uniform diameter not exceeding 5 mm and having a length which is at least three times the diameter. The ends of the rollers may be rounded.

Additional notes

Machine translation. The original is the Russian text of the EAEU tariff, and customs goes by it; this translation is for understanding only and has no legal force.

1. For the purposes of subheadings 8407 10 and 8409 10, the term “aviation engines” shall apply only to engines intended for assembly with an air or rotor.

2. В подсубпозицию 8471 70 300 0 также включаются устройства считывания компакт-дисков, являющиеся запоминающими устройствами вычислительных машин, которые предназначены для считывания сигналов с CD-ROM, аудиокомпакт-дисков и фотокомпакт-дисков и снабжены разъемом для наушников, регулятором громкости или кнопкой пуск/стоп.

Additional notes of the Eurasian Economic Union

Machine translation. The original is the Russian text of the EAEU tariff, and customs goes by it; this translation is for understanding only and has no legal force.

1. For the purposes of subheading 8482 10 900 1, the term “gross mass” means the total mass of the goods with all kinds of packaging materials and packagings ensuring their safety during storage and transport. The total weight of the goods does not include the mass of packaging materials or containers that are clearly suitable for reuse.

2. For the purposes of subheading 8415 81 001 0, the term “special production facilities” means premises in which the maintenance of precise values of temperature and humidity is due to the operational requirements of the equipment installed therein, such as machines, computers, switching equipment, surgical equipment, etc., or to the operations performed therein.

3. In subheadings 8427 20 190 1, 8427 90 000 1 and 8436 80 100 1, the date of manufacture shall be determined on the basis of the technical documentation of the manufacturer (technical passport, instruction manual) and the manufacturer's plate, which shall be fixed in a conspicuous, easily accessible place of the machinery and shall not be replaced during operation. If the manufacturer's technical documentation and the manufacturer's plate contain conflicting information about the date of manufacture or there is no information about the manufacturer of the equipment on the date of manufacture, then this technique is considered a technique, since the release of which more than 3 years have passed.

If the manufacturer's information indicates only the year of manufacture, then the date of manufacture of the equipment is considered 1 July of the year of manufacture; if the month and year of manufacture are indicated, the date of manufacture is the 15th day of the month specified in the manufacturer's information.

4. For the purpose of classification of goods in subheading 8482 10 900 1 in the states, whose territories constitute the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union, when applying the term "French border of the country of importation", the country of import is understood as the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union.

5. For the purpose of subheading 8407 10 000 3, the term “take-off power” means the maximum power developed by an aircraft piston engine.

“Take-off power” is specified in the technical documentation and (or) accompanying documents, measured in kilowatts or horsepower (1 kW corresponds to 1.35962 hp).

6. В подсубпозиции 8421 99 000 5 термин «элементы мембранные рулонного типа для фильтрования или очистки жидкостей» означает устройства цилиндрической формы, состоящие из:

- internal plastic perforated tube on which spirally wound membrane bags;

- drainage material located between membrane bags and glued to them on three sides.

The membrane package consists of a twice folded band of membrane containing an extruded grid inside.

At the ends of the membrane roll-type element, fixing discs and sealing cuffs can be installed.

7. For the purposes of subheading 8415 20 000 2, the term “in a single enclosure” refers to air conditioning units (air conditioners) in which all the elements are combined in a single enclosure, frame or platform.

The term "in a single housing" also applies to air conditioning units (air conditioners) in which the refrigeration compressor, which is part of a given air conditioning unit (air conditioner), is located separately, that is, not combined with the rest of the elements in one housing, on one frame or on one platform.